Historically, this scarcity has again motivated societies to go to war. Those two weapons were tiny in both number and size compared to nuclear weapons today. The Union of Concerned Scientists (2009) summarizes their danger bluntly: Nuclear weapons remain the greatest and most immediate threat to human civilization. However more peaceful the world is today, it could easily end at any moment. A popular explanation for war derives from evolutionary biology. New York, NY: Vintage Books. Deaths in wars and conflicts in the 20th century. Although the causes of World War II are complex, Hitlers effort to conquer much of Europe stemmed at least partly from his belief that Aryans (Germans and other Europeans with blond hair and blue eyes) were a superior species and non-Aryans were an inferior species (Bess, 2008). Identify two social science issues related to education. When these problems occur, they may ironically worsen the psychological state of these veterans. That problem is rape, as at least one-fifth and perhaps as many as 84 percent of all military service are raped or sexually assaulted (including sexual harassment) by other military personnel (Turchik & Wilson, 2010). When it comes to our wars overseas, he adds, concern for the victims is limited to U.S. troops.. Bumiller, E. (2010, July 25). Jobs, hobbies, friends, even parental obligations to young children fall by the wayside. Want to create or adapt books like this? I think it partly reflects a better understanding of the problems that led to war. This individualistic focus risks neglecting the core issue: the role of a social world, invariably targeted in war and yet still embodying the capacity of survivor populations to manage their suffering, adapt and recover on a collective basis. Advertisement capkay1505 nvm pretend u didn't see Advertisement The wars in Iraq and Afghanistan provide additional examples of a theft from those who hunger and are not fed. These wars cost the United States about $1.3 trillion through 2012, for an average of more than $100 billion annually (Harrison, 2012). Usually included within the social sciences are cultural (or social) anthropology, sociology, psychology, political science, and economics. The Note 16.13 Children and Our Future box discusses this problem in greater detail. Obamas defense cuts are a drop in the bucket. The following are common examples of a social issue. This figure ranked the highest in the world and constituted almost 35 percent of all world arms exports. Other experts echo President Eisenhowers concern over the size of the military budget (Bacevich, 2011; Korb, Rothman, & Hoffman, 2012; Lochhead, 2012; Wheeler, 2009). The establishment of foreign bases provided the Commission of Government with an unforeseen amount of wealth, which it used to improve social services. Perhaps worse, the United States ranks last among the worlds twenty wealthiest democracies in life expectancy and infant mortality and also ranks worst in the risk of dying before age 60. Although wars, other armed conflicts, terrorism, and genocide certainly continue, and 100 million is a terribly high number of deaths, the world overall is in fact more peaceful now than in the past. Image courtesy of Sgt. Bacevich, A. Our specialists will write a custom essay on any topic for $13.00 $10.40/page. The secret way to war: The Downing Street memo and the Iraq Wars buried history. Social studies is an integrated research field. In fact, rape and sexual assault are the leading cause of PTSD among women veterans, while combat trauma is the leading cause of PTSD among male veterans. The document you are viewing contains questions related to this textbook. New York, NY: Penguin. Key features include: Military spending: A poor job creator. (2012). Einhorn, C. (2011, September 28). SOC SCI 132. Ledbetter, J. Critics of the military budget say that the billions of dollars spent on weapons and other military needs would be better spent on domestic needs such as schools and day care. To do so, it routinely deployed chemical weapons such as Agent Orange (dioxin, a known carcinogen), napalm, and white phosphorous. The first is the thirteenth century, when the Mongol Empire under the initial leadership of Genghis Khan became an empire in Asia and Eastern Europe through wars and conquest in which it killed 40 million people. Union of Concerned Scientists. 4 Units. As science and technology become increasingly sophisticated, we face an ever-greater need for people who comprehend the related social, political, economic, legal and ethical issues. Some think the United States needs to maintain and in fact increase its level of military spending, even with the Cold War long ended, to replace aging weapons systems, to meet the threat posed by terrorists and by rogue nations such as Iran, and to respond to various other trouble spots around the world. Quality and affordable writing services. As a result, observes one economics writer, most Europeans have universal health care, deeply subsidized education (including free university tuition in many countries), modern infrastructure, good mass transit, and far less poverty than the United States has. These actions did destroy the countryside, but they also destroyed humans. This work goes under a variety of names, including 'human dynamics' and 'computational social science'. This same sum could be used to pay the salaries of 10,000 new teachers earning $30,000 per year or to build twenty elementary schools at a cost of $15 million each. Although the truce later dissolved and labor-management conflict resumed, labor eventually won some limited rights thanks partly to its support for the war. Overview: The short response activities in the webtext throughout this course are designed to show your understanding of key concepts as you engage with course content. Social Problems by University of Minnesota is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-ShareAlike 4.0 International License, except where otherwise noted. Scholars have attempted to explain why human beings wage war. Once they were evacuated, their villages were designated free fire zones, and then often bombed indiscriminately once again, killing any villagers who managed to remain in these zones despite the evacuations. Solomon, N. (2006). A quick calculation shows that about 11 percent of the worlds population died from the Mongolian wars, while 2 percent died from World War II. (2012, February 18). 2023 World War II-style rationing could be an effective way to reduce carbon . AlterNet. Veterans with PTSD often end up with problems in their marriages or other relationships and are more likely to commit violence against their spouses or partners. For exam View the full answer Previous question Next question Women veterans who are raped or sexually assaulted often suffer PTSD. Question. The American Civil War, also called the War Between the States, then tore it apart less than a century later. Turchik, J. One major problem in this research literature is that different studies use different definitions and measures of sexual assault. Second, the government states that defense outlays accounted for almost 20 percent of federal spending in 2011 (US Census Bureau, 2012). However, issues also affect higher education, and we examine a few of them here. New York, NY: Penguin. US military spending amounts to more than $1 trillion annually. McKeeby, D. (2008, February 25). Critics say these exports help fuel the worldwide arms race and international discord. Wars occur both between nations and within nations, when two or more factions engage in armed conflict. That is the good news and the cause for hope. Future research will no doubt build on existing studies to further illuminate this significant problem. New York Times, p. WK3. The minimum estimate almost matches the number of American deaths in all the other wars the United States has fought, and the maximum estimate greatly exceeds this number (see Table 16.2 US Participation in Major Wars). Very few studies include men in their surveys, but one study reported a 3 percent rate of sexual assault victimization for men while they were in the military. At the end of that war, however, the nuclear age began when the United States dropped two atomic weapons on Japan that killed tens of thousands instantly and tens of thousands more from radiation exposure. This diversion of funds is unfortunate, but it might still be necessary if the high level of US military spending is needed to ensure the nations security. Nuclear war is no longer a two-player game, as it largely was during the cold war, with the U.S. and NATO facing off against the Soviet Union and Warsaw Pact. Retrieved from http://opinionator.blogs.nytimes.com/2011/09/20/recounting-the-dead; US Department of Defense. Discretionary spending involves the money the president and Congress must decide how to spend each year and includes federal income tax dollars only. Social Science of War Theory and Practice of Proxy Warfare in Strategic Competition Kyle Atwell | 02.20.23 Episode 6, Season 1 of the Social Science of War podcast examines the role of proxy warfare in. Their unemployment rate was 13.1 percent in December 2011, compared to only 8.5 percent for the general public; the unemployment rate for veterans ages 2024 was near 30 percent (Dewan, 2011; Zornick, 2012). According to the Education Research Center, United States, around 7,000 high school students drop out of school every day.The high drop out rates are propelled by social issues in education as mentioned above. When a napalm bomb explodes, it ignites an enormous fireball that burns everything in its path. Washington, DC: Author. Since Arias wrote these words, the United States has spent more than $5.5 trillion on defense outlays in constant dollars (see Figure 16.3 International Military Spending, 2010), including $1.3 trillion on the wars in Iraq and Afghanistan. Baker, L. (2012, February 18). Only about one-seventh of these victims reported their rapes and sexual assaults. Military spending is good for workers, they add, because it creates jobs, and it also contributes to technological development (Boot, 2012; England, 2012; McKeon, 2012). Bikeshedding Bikeshedding is the tendency for groups to focus on solving trivial problems while neglecting larger problems. China ranked a distant second at $119 billion, followed by the United Kingdom at $60 billion and France at $49 billion (see Figure 16.3 International Military Spending, 2010). They suffer terrible physical and mental wounds that can maim them for life (Dao, 2012). Each F-35 costs about $300 million. Tirman, J. New York Times, June 23, p. A19. It also documents the psychological and health effects of military sexual assault (MSA). But many observers say that the United States has neglected the veterans of later wars. ), The Routledge handbook of security studies (pp. This latter fact needs some explanation. Students gain a deep understanding of the ways that social scientists and historians have analyzed the identities, experiences, and worldviews of U.S. military veterans. This same yearly amount could have paid for one years worth (California cost figures) of all of the following (National Priorities Project, 2012): All these figures demonstrate that war and preparation for war indeed have a heavy human cost, not only in the numbers of dead and wounded, but also in the diversion of funds from important social functions and needs. These issues are made complex particularly because of conflicting values concerning drug use within modern societies. As the Marcums situation indicates, spouses and other family members of veterans also are casualties of war. US veterans: By the numbers. . Instances of use of United States forces abroad, 17981993. However it is calculated, the US military budget is by far the highest in the world and in fact accounts for 43 percent of the worlds military spending. For example, the deaths of so many soldiers during the American Civil War left many wives and mothers without their familys major breadwinner. 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