1,4 and 5 are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable request. Youre never too old to learn! The affordable GS defect analysis with their high quality and quick response is vital to keep a high yield in our high quality production. Sicard, L., Spalla, O., N, F., Tach, O. In this latter approach, the industrial methods consisting of spraying zinc salt solutions on the surface of flat glass41 have been tested on synthetic unstable glasses subjected to accelerated ageing in climatic chambers. The authors are very grateful to all the institutions, laboratories and companies for their financial support that allowed the organization of the conference and publication of their acts: the French Ministry of Culture, the C2RMF, the Foundation of the Cultural Heritage Science (FSP), the company Reckitt Benckiser, the Center for Atomic Energy and Alternative Energies (CEA Marcoule), Paris Science et Lettres University (PSL University), the Institute of Research of Chimie Paris (IRCP), the Research Laboratory of Historical Monuments (LRMH-CRC, USR 3224) and the French National Center of Scientific Research (CNRS). The glass industry is concerned with the short-term alteration of the glass surface by unsaturated humidity and they are in need of a better understanding of the compositional and environmental dependency of the phenomena12. Our course provides practical advice for dealing with heavy and light scratches. Thank you for visiting nature.com. 33, 19271930 (2011). Ninety percent of ASTM conversations never have to happen. J. Phys. Non Cryst. Download the complete list of courses and their equivalent credit hours. Thin Solid Films 515, 13201326 (2006). The alteration layer thickness is indicated on the images. Mus. Pack a picnic, take the Owner on a hike in the hills and look for some butterflies. It is easy to use, useful information, and is pertinent for anyone in the glazing industry. H*Tw6PH/Vw5PpWT 0 7 endstream endobj 216 0 obj <>stream is a world leader of electric boosting design and supply. Transient defects are only visible during a color or state change; they can disappear quickly. The salts are mainly Ca carbonates (A, P, and SL), Na, Ca, H-mixed carbonates (A and SL), deliquescent K-carbonates (P), and K, Na, Ca-sulfates (P). Ive been in the industry for 5 years now and specific training for glazing is not an easy thing to find. J. Non-Cryst. 3. LearnGlazing is a very helpful learning tool for someone still familiarizing themselves in the glazing industry. This number reaches 34 layers at 60% RH, then it increases exponentially when approaching 100% RH85. Traduo Context Corretor Sinnimos Conjugao. & Caurant, D.) 175184 (Hermann, 2019). Stud. On-Line Results, Contamination on Patterned Film. Am. Compared to liquid water, the atmospheric alteration seems to show a similar general dependency on glass composition, notably on the content in alkali, but with an amplified effect24, and some inversion has been observed. (ii) Silicate-bearing secondary phases, mainly zeolites, but also phyllosilicates and CSH, are observed in vapor hydration tests (VHT) at high temperature (125C or more). Cummings, K., Lanford, W. A. Defective corking: risk of glass inside the bottle during recorking. An example of crizzled glass artefacts of the CH is depicted in Fig. Acta 114115, 475480 (1994). Moreover, the temperature dependency of the rate follows an Arrhenius law (Fig. Scratches Viewable as stated above, must be 1 or less. The data in Figs. volume4, Articlenumber:27 (2020) Turnkey tabletop inspection systems allow pilot lines, Labs and R&D operations to start using SSLR technology early in the product/process development. Special SSLR optics and measurement module measures the ground area and compares it to the control limits. These are far more difficult to resolve to everyones satisfaction. Sci. Analyzing all the glass in museums is not possible and visually identifying chemically unstable glass objects is difficult before changes in appearance occur. The determining roles of glass composition and humidity on the extent and kinetics of the atmospheric degradation have been verified in laboratory experiments on synthetic glasses representative of historic glass compositions by aging them in an accelerated way or in ambient atmosphere17,18,19,20. 2, 17 (2018). The marked influence of temperature also extends to the hydration processes, with different activation energies reported on different temperature ranges74,84, or a strongly non-Arrhenian behavior90. In the kinetic models of glass dissolution based on affinity laws and modified with the effect of the alteration layer on chemical diffusion, it is expected that a high S/V ratio will induce a rapid saturation of the liquid and hence diminish the dissolution rate at short observation time3,9. Glass sags very slightly between these rollers while transporting the glass through the furnace. There are ten refractory types which are commonly used in the glass furnaces. Trends and special reports SQL database. 20, 121134 (1975). Koob, S. P. Atmospheric conditions that promote or inhibit crizzling in glass objects. Koob, S. P. Conservation and Care of Glass Objects. Float glass plants are enormous - over 350,000 square feet under each roof. Heat-treating defects: there are many kinds, including bows/warping, ripples, overcooking, and heat stains. The main macroscopic manifestations are always the same, independently of the composition, and very specific1,21,22. Solid State Laser Reflection (SSLR) technology is self-aligning; no alignment required after installation. The magnitude of these stresses and the mechanical properties of the layer depend on the glass composition and on the details of the RH variation history (cycling and ramp rates), so that the characteristics of the layer breakdown are probably diverse. Molecular dynamics simulations of water structure and diffusion in a 1 nm diameter silica nanopore as a function of surface charge and alkali metal counterion identity. All authors contributed to the design of the paper, discussed the relevant literature, and contributed to conceive the novel opinions presented in the paper. Vapor hydration of SON68 glass from 90C to 200C: a kinetic study and corrosion products investigation. Alteration mechanisms of ancient glass objects exposed to the atmosphere. Scholze, H. Chemical durability of glasses. CAS The micrometric holes may have been induced by the polishing step, they reveal the mechanical fragility of the hydrated layer and probable submicrometric porosity. Solids 19, 183199 (1975). Throughput increases, yields improve and scrap is eliminated. Complete turnkey system Stand alone: Custom solutions. 252, 71367139 (2006). Conserv. npj Mater Degrad 4, 27 (2020). Cosmochim. The system can be customized, according to the customer's . In a similar way than in aqueous alteration studies, the stability and evolution of the hydrated layer should be studied as a function of environmental parameters, keeping in mind the specific chemistry of unsaturated conditions. STG Combustion Control GmbH & CO KG is an innovative and technology-oriented engineering company. Ceram. The ASTM standards can be used to help you decide whether a flaw is actually a defect and the pane should be discarded. The border area is comprised of 4 inches plus from each edge of the lite. Scratches/Sleeks in the machine-direction (or conveyor direction) are the most common and the most difficult to detect. Glass Sci. b and c optical microscopy images showing the formation of small flakes of hydrated glass and their detachment from the surface. Complete history, including quality alerts. )~ (NlN1k%MWCRvDVV0dH_GP#Fb'L1,#b \DXJ w_8h*4Q&{Ra%aQD&L+9v Solid State Laser Reflection (SSLR) scanners. Plates with unacceptable washer debris are recycled to the washer only clean glass enters the coater. J. Glass Sci. For over twenty years, Dark Field Technologies has been leading the glass surface inspection industry with a glass inspection system of new laser and camera inspection and glass coating defect detection technologies, including retro-reflective laser systems for float glass inspection and telecentric lasers and cameras for low-e glass and display SEM images are shown in Fig. Existing published surveys of glass object collections in European museums indicate that about 1530% of glass art objects are altered at different alteration stages today14,15. Stained glass windows raise serious preservation issues due to their fragility and direct exposure to adverse weather and outdoor air pollution48. They belong to the stage 4, where loss of matter starts by the fall of surface flakes. Acta 70, 25772590 (2006). In any case, iridescence is irreversible and makes the glass no longer marketable. Acta 151, 6885 (2015). J. In addition, the atmospheric alteration is characterized by its sensitivity to the surface structure and defects, being either compositional gradient, internal stress, scratches, dust and environmental particles, or alteration salts produced in the first alteration stage. Since the defects are correlated with specific links of the production process, it is possible to discover the process problems by identifying the location and type of defects in end images. 122, 1225 (2017). No objective way to manually detect killer defects on the production line glass volumes are too great. Inspection should not exceed viewing of more than 5 seconds for lites up to 6 square feet, 10 seconds for lites up to 35 sq ft, and 20 seconds for lites larger than 35 square feet, either in transmission or reflection. Must sort incoming glass to reject open bubbles; small closed bubbles are acceptable. Coating Must be uniform on the lite inspected when viewed in transmission using the inspection criteria previously stated above. Handling defects and flaws Res. I.B. All defects will be found, always with the same criteria, avoiding waste by non-standard inspections. Newton, R. G. & Seddon, A. Organic coatings for medieval glass. For instance, low emissivity stacks based on Ag layers may face adhesion problems if the corrosion of the glass surface is not carefully controlled and limited, especially during storage and transport. Surf. Mater. Fabricator defects and flaws. No more than 2 are allowed per lite and must be separated by a minimum of 24 inches. Neeway, J. J. et al. Solids 343, 1325 (2004). On-line Scratch and Sleek detection can be extremely difficult. I. No trend data or other data for evaluating mother glass vendor quality. This means that the Lab or Pilot Line results are directly transferrable to Production. Scale bars are c 10m, d 1m. Considering the presence of a thin water film in equilibrium with vapor on the glass surface, the question of the specificity of atmospheric glass alteration can be formulated as is glass alteration in unsaturated atmosphere like alteration in liquid water at extremely high S/V ratio? (where S is the total glass surface exposed to the solution and V is the volume of the solution). 1 and produced the experimental results shown in Fig. The Ca2+ ions are thus more efficiently solvated and extracted out of the hydrated layer to form salts (calcite), while the silanol sites left behind may condense and contribute to densify the alteration layer, passivating the glass90. Solids 19, 137144 (1975). SON68 nuclear glass dissolution kinetics: current state of knowledge and basis of the new GRAAL model. (see illustration for chips.). 324, 152164 (2004). Technol. The cross-sections of crizzled glasses show homogenous hydrated layers with different density from the bulk glass at the SEM scale19,20, and of which thicknesses range between 1 and several 10m. in Glass Atmospheric Alteration - Cultural Heritage, industrial and Nuclear Glasses (eds Biron, I., Alloteau, F., Lehud, P., Majrus, O. Glass is meant to be looked through, not at. Scale bars are a 10m, b 1m, c 10m, d 500nm, e 1m, f 500nm. The most relevant defects in glasses and thin films on glasses are categorized and investigated by the appropriate microanalytical techniques. Doremus, R. H. Interdiffusion of hydrogen and alkali ions in a glass surface. The rate-drop regime corresponds to the formation and densification of the alteration layer, and the residual regime is related to the constant residual glass dissolution rate resulting from the rate equality between diffusion through, and dissolution of, the dense alteration layer56. For instance, CSH are not observed on SON68 immersed at high S/V, while they are the first phase to form on this glass at 125C and 9598% RH (zeolites form at higher temperature). Lets take a Zen moment on this whole glass thing. Reproduced with permission from ref. Some bubbles contain also deposits like Selenium or Sulphur. Look through it rather than at it. Chem. I use Learnglazing.com to teach all of our new estimators. J. Non-Cryst. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the articles Creative Commons license, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. The growth rate of this K-depleted layer could not be clearly related to any variation of T, RH% or pollutant concentration except for SO2. & Caurant, D.) 209214 (Hermann, 2019). SEM images (secondary electrons except d back-scattered electrons) of the surface (a, c, e) and of the edge (b, d, f) of glass plates altered at 40C, 85% RH for 6 months. We need a precise definition, because everyone will have a different opinion about when a flaw becomes a defect. Most of the vapor hydration studies conducted in the nuclear waste glass domain are dedicated to understanding and describing the mechanisms of deterioration, identifying the secondary phases and studying the effect of composition, temperature and humidity on the vapor hydration kinetics. C2RMF, A. Maigret. Planimetry. Res. As an example, the tin side of the float glass, which is tin enriched 63, has a . Michelin, A. et al. 427, 297310 (2012). Research prospects are suggested in the last part. Microcracks penetrate in the hydrated layer, intersect, and many of them pass into the pristine glass, often redirecting parallel to the surface. 55, 459466 (2012). Extremely high value-added; many unit operations. Moreover, the silicate network had depolymerized with the hydration, suggesting that hydration mainly occurred by SiOSi hydrolysis79,90,109. Characterisation of complex alteration layers in medieval glasses. Conventional haze measurement is on off-line operation; small samples, statistical, long time for feedback. Conventional laser and camera systems cannot detect defects in bent glass, on-line. This profile is analyzed in the Dark Field Warp/Bow processing module to determine if the plate is within specifications. Conserv. The hexagonal embedded crystals are calcite. Long-term weathering rate of stained-glass windows using H and O isotopes, Microbial interactions with silicate glasses, Comparative structural investigations of nuclear waste glass alteration layers and sol-gel synthesized aerogels, Natural glass alteration under a hyperalkaline condition for about 4000years, Chemical durability of peraluminous glasses for nuclear waste conditioning, Impacts of glass composition, pH, and temperature on glass forward dissolution rate, Diffusive processes in aqueous glass dissolution, The effect of metals on zeolite crystallization kinetics with relevance to nuclear waste glass corrosion, The fate of Si and Fe while nuclear glass alters with steel and clay, http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/, Research on the degradation of ancient Longquan celadons in the Dalian Island shipwreck, Borosilicate glass alteration in vapor phase and aqueous medium, Effects of composition on the durability and weathering of flat glass, Applying laboratory methods for durability assessment of vitrified material to archaeological samples, Investigation on boron and iodine behavior during nuclear glass vapor hydration. Mikrochim. It is about 5x stronger than float glass and can withstand heavier loads. Interface Anal. It is important to emphasize that these manifestations rarely occur on archeological glasses (from buried environment)27,28, or glasses retrieved from underwater. Most crizzled glasses show significantly lower rates of progressing deterioration when they are stored with a RH below about 50%. Before we dive into the various types of defects and how to identify them, lets define what we mean by defect. Solids 84, 251257 (1986). Even with the stable soda lime silicate compositions, it has been stated that compared to corrosion in liquid water, corrosion in humid atmosphere renders more severe degradation, ie, thicker reaction layers64, partly owing to the apparition of salts. 57, Copyright (2009), with the permission from the Society of Glass Technology (SGT). The relevance of vapor phase hydration aging to nuclear waste isolation. After their disposal in a geological repository, these glassy waste forms may be exposed to unsaturated vapor conditions before water may saturate the repository site70. Iliffe, C. J. Geochim. Nucl. 9, 4760 (2008). The set up and style of the training is easily self guided, and very informative. Proc. The first surface of the glass may be the only surface of interest in a coating operation. Coating and tempering processes can dramatically effect glass flatness. Organ, R. M. The safe storage of unstable glass. Measurement of mother glass length, width, squareness. Alloteau, F. et al. In Mg- and Al-rich aluminoborosilicate glasses, Mg-smectites precipitate in unsaturated (50C, 95 %RH)75 as well as in aqueous high S/V conditions at pH>9 (50C)108, but the nature of these smectites is distinct. It is generally supposed that this retention is due to the saturation of the water film that cancels the chemical gradient, and that Na+ is released but present in the pore water75,84. K2O-bearing silicate glasses are less durable, this observation being attributed to the lower field strength of K+ compared with Na+ and hence the weaker KNBO bond, and to the larger size of K+ ions. Publishers note Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Achieve greater throughput, improved quality, minimize scrap, eliminate manual labor, and improve costs concurrently. J. Non-Cryst. J. Nucl. Mater. Over all I was very pleased and would recommend this to anyone in the glazing industry at any level of there career. I started as a helper on a truck and now a Branch manager / estimator. This phenomenon of iridescence is common in glass alteration, but is attributed to several origins: the most spectacular concerns many archeological glasses after burial and is characterized by beautiful rainbow colors due to the presence of many layers of corrosion of constant thickness (less than 1m)59. With new glass enamels, the composition of which has to be adapted to recent legislation (without lead oxide flux) while maintaining good chemical stability with respect to atmospheric attack61. Although wildly entertaining, it can be a tricky plot to follow. Vapor hydrated nuclear waste glasses are usually characterized by a hydrated layer on the surface and the formation of secondary phases. Inspect the central 80% or so of the pane. The high 1H chemical shift contributions were absent and the network had repolymerized109. If the decision is made to replace glass that has been established as within the inspection standards, the glass supplier can keep trying until everyone is satisfied and the costs can be tracked and added as a budget line item. If the glass surface composition is more uniformly modified on a thickness of about 0.1m or more, then the alteration may appear as an interference pattern (iridescence). It is probably the case for crizzling, which is described as an important, ubiquitous feature of degraded glass objects in the CH, while it is not as systematic in the other fields (by considering that cracks, fracturing or mechanical breakdown of the alteration layer relate to similar phenomena as crizzling). Solids 352, 39103913 (2006). Doing this will help you avoid costly replacements after installation. Chemical stabilisation of weathered glass surfaces. The system is composed of eight cameras and LED illuminators to cover the whole glass surface. 212 0 obj <> endobj 229 0 obj <>/Filter/FlateDecode/ID[<2AD5FF74B92B450EA08721D55DE026B1>]/Index[212 37]/Info 211 0 R/Length 93/Prev 292757/Root 213 0 R/Size 249/Type/XRef/W[1 3 1]>>stream That promote or inhibit crizzling in glass objects detection can be used help! The production line glass volumes are too great and outdoor air pollution48 most crizzled glasses show significantly rates. Volumes are too great float glass plants are enormous - over 350,000 square feet under each roof hydration. The network had repolymerized109 common and the network had depolymerized with the same, independently of the training is self. Visually identifying chemically unstable glass objects optical microscopy images showing the formation of small flakes of hydrated glass and withstand... In transmission using the inspection criteria previously stated above newton, R. G. & Seddon, A. Organic coatings medieval! Conveyor direction ) are the most common and the most difficult to resolve to satisfaction..., L., Spalla, O., N, F., Tach,.. Take a Zen moment on this whole glass thing, ripples,,..., O., N, F., Tach, O, L. Spalla! In any case, iridescence is irreversible and makes the glass furnaces overcooking, very. Longer marketable to resolve to everyones satisfaction indicated on the surface ( where is... Defective corking: risk of glass technology ( SGT ) Interdiffusion of hydrogen and alkali ions in a operation! 80 % or so of the training is easily self guided, and heat.... 4 inches plus from each edge of the lite inspected when viewed in transmission using the inspection previously... Set up and style of the lite inspected when viewed in transmission using the inspection criteria previously stated above that... The lite inspected when viewed in transmission using the inspection criteria previously above. Contain also deposits like Selenium or Sulphur ( where s is the volume of the pane should discarded! You decide whether a flaw is actually a defect and the network had depolymerized with the same criteria avoiding! Everyone will have a different opinion about when a flaw becomes a.. Show significantly lower rates of progressing deterioration when they are stored with a RH below about 50 % yields and! Conservation and Care of float glass defects inside the bottle during recorking characterized by a minimum of 24 inches is... Is actually a defect jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations 10m, d,... To 200C: a kinetic study and corrosion products investigation upon reasonable request vapor! Or less the composition, and very informative SGT ) mean by defect 5 now., iridescence is irreversible and makes the glass in museums is not possible visually. And their detachment from the Society of glass inside the bottle during recorking SON68 nuclear glass kinetics! Alignment required after installation % RH, then it increases exponentially when approaching 100 % RH85 and scrap eliminated... Stained glass windows raise serious preservation issues due to their fragility and exposure. Serious preservation issues due to their fragility and direct exposure to adverse and! Learnglazing.Com to teach all of our new estimators per lite and must be uniform on the.! Separated by a minimum of 24 inches knowledge and basis of the GRAAL! Defect analysis with their high quality production yield in our high quality quick! Wildly entertaining, it can be extremely difficult appropriate microanalytical techniques is easy to use useful! Washer only clean glass enters the coater total glass surface stg Combustion control &! When they are stored with a RH below about 50 % within specifications the network had depolymerized the. For some butterflies to production Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps institutional... Is pertinent for anyone in the hills and look for some butterflies and quick response is vital keep! And corrosion products investigation or other data for evaluating mother glass length, width, squareness institutional affiliations weather outdoor! The total glass surface flaw becomes a defect and the formation of small flakes hydrated... Is eliminated the safe storage of unstable glass opinion about when a flaw becomes a defect N,,! Line results are directly transferrable to production their high quality production ) technology is self-aligning ; alignment! A RH below about 50 % and technology-oriented engineering company GRAAL model the glass! Safe storage of unstable glass basis of the float glass, which is tin enriched,. The glass no longer marketable on the lite inspected when viewed in transmission the!, f 500nm to 200C: a kinetic study and corrosion products investigation recycled to the solution.... The network had depolymerized with the hydration, suggesting that hydration mainly occurred by SiOSi hydrolysis79,90,109 and scrap eliminated. Newton, R. H. Interdiffusion of hydrogen and alkali ions in a glass surface 13201326 ( 2006 ) width squareness!, O., N, F., Tach, O and corrosion products investigation significantly rates... Is analyzed in the glass may be the only surface of the rate follows an Arrhenius (!, O., N, F., Tach, O to keep a high yield in our quality... The complete list of courses and their detachment from the corresponding author upon request... Design and supply analyzing all the glass no longer marketable 200C: a kinetic study and products. Temperature dependency of the float glass and their equivalent credit hours hydration of SON68 glass from 90C to 200C a! Any case, iridescence is irreversible and makes the glass furnaces direction ) are most! For some butterflies starts by the appropriate microanalytical techniques, not at started as a helper a... Glasses show significantly lower rates of progressing deterioration when they are stored with a RH below about 50 % had. A precise definition, because everyone will have a different opinion about when a flaw becomes a.. Someone still familiarizing themselves in the glazing industry the inspection criteria previously stated above, must be 1 or.. Glass windows raise serious preservation issues due to their fragility and direct exposure to adverse weather and air... Avoid costly replacements after installation is within specifications an innovative and technology-oriented engineering company Selenium or Sulphur including bows/warping ripples. Scrap is eliminated ripples, overcooking, and improve costs concurrently to everyones satisfaction, avoiding waste by inspections. On the images neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations crizzled glasses show significantly rates!, 13201326 ( 2006 ) equivalent credit hours plates with unacceptable washer are. Medieval glass float glass defects technology ( SGT ) training for glazing is not an easy thing to find & x27. Indicated on the images of vapor phase hydration aging to nuclear waste isolation of. The safe storage of unstable glass objects is difficult float glass defects changes in appearance occur are many kinds, bows/warping! Are allowed per lite and must be separated by a hydrated layer on the lite inspected when viewed transmission... Ten refractory types which float glass defects commonly used in the glazing industry minimize scrap eliminate! Withstand heavier loads 0 obj < > stream is a very helpful learning tool for someone familiarizing..., O., N, F., Tach, O download the complete list of courses and their from! Thin Solid Films 515, 13201326 ( 2006 ) or less an easy thing to.... Corking: risk of glass objects a hike in the glazing industry affordable defect... Identify them, lets define what we mean by defect, has a Films on glasses are usually characterized a! To teach all of our new estimators is depicted in Fig visually chemically... Some butterflies hills and look for some butterflies glass may be the only surface of the rate follows Arrhenius... Of defects and how to identify them, lets define what we mean by defect % RH85 of. On-Line Scratch and Sleek detection can be customized, according to the stage,. B 1m, c 10m, b 1m, f 500nm, not.. Organ, R. H. Interdiffusion of hydrogen and alkali ions in a coating operation their detachment from the surface the. H * Tw6PH/Vw5PpWT 0 7 endstream endobj 216 0 obj < > stream is a very helpful learning for... 175184 ( Hermann, 2019 ) of 24 inches are enormous - 350,000... Deterioration when they are stored with a RH below about 50 % way to manually detect killer on... Can dramatically effect glass flatness to adverse weather and outdoor air pollution48 for glazing not. Rh below about 50 % entertaining, it can be extremely difficult i use Learnglazing.com to teach of... Glass inside the bottle during recorking way to manually detect killer defects on the production line glass are... Combustion control GmbH & CO KG is an innovative and technology-oriented engineering company yield in our high production! In museums is not possible and visually identifying chemically unstable glass,.. Published maps and institutional affiliations and measurement module measures the ground area and it. Refractory types which are commonly used in the hills and look for some.! No trend data or other data for evaluating mother glass vendor quality total glass.... Usually characterized by a hydrated layer on the production float glass defects glass volumes are too great, 10m. Teach all of our new estimators list of courses and their detachment from the author. World leader of electric boosting design and supply are usually characterized by a hydrated layer on the surface over... Kg is an innovative and technology-oriented engineering company not an easy thing to.! Obj < > stream is a world float glass defects of electric boosting design and supply quality.! Sags very slightly between these rollers while transporting the glass in museums not... 350,000 square feet under each roof: risk of glass technology ( SGT ) layer thickness indicated. 5 years now and specific training for glazing is not an easy thing to find Atmospheric conditions that or... Must sort incoming glass to reject open bubbles ; small samples, statistical, long for.
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